May 20, 1902? What’s commemorated on this date? Is it Cuban Independence from Spain? Should only Cubans be concerned about this date?

To determine the answer to this question, one must delve into the history of Cuba.  But this becomes a difficult task for most Cuban-Americans who emigrated at an early age to the United States since 1959. 

Take, for example, someone like me.  The Cuban Communist Government forced parents to enroll their children in government-run schools to instill in them Marxist propaganda.  Private and religious schools were closed permanently, and the teaching staff was either laid off or forced to emigrate mostly to Spain.  This created a shortage of teachers with credentialed backgrounds – which undermined the teaching of basic subjects.  Therefore, my three years spent in these schools centered on learning about the Cuban, Bolshevik, and Mao revolutions.  History about Cuba BC (Before Castro) was banned for being bourgeois and unimportant. 

After coming to Arlington, Virginia, my focus was on learning the history of the United States.  As time went by, English became my primary language.  Although I was fortunate to attend lectures on Cuban history in Spanish by distinguished Professor Herminio Portell Vila and his assistant Ms. Isabel Pruna, my language proficiency and retention-ability became less and less.  To make matters worse, there were not many books in English pertaining to the history of Cuba BC.  This is why I have praised Cuban-American Professor Alfred J Lopez for penning recently the first book in English about Cuban National Hero Jose Marti.  

So, let’s delve back into the real significance of May 20^th for Cubans – but before doing so, let’s review some background events in Cuban history.

Multiple U.S. President had wanted to annex Cuba as a U.S. state.  Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States, wrote to James Madison in 1809 about the fact that Cuba was only ninety miles from Key West, Florida and located at the mouth of the Gulf of America.  Democrat Presidents James Polk in 1848 and Frankling Pierce in 1854 offered to buy Cuba from Spain to add the Caribbean Island to the Southern slave-owning states.  Slavery was abolished in the United States by the 13^th Amendment in 1865, and in Cuba in 1886.  Democrat President James Buchanan also favored buying Cuba from Spain, but the Ostend Manifesto of 1854 allowing the U.S. to seize Cuba by force if Spain refused to sell it was voted down by the U.S. Congress.  After 1865, calls for Cuba annexation by U.S. congressmen decreased significantly.

It helps to get a feel for the mood of most Americans concerning the annexation of multiple Caribbean Islands during this time.  Republican President Ulysses S. Grant supported a treaty drafted in 1870 to annex the Dominican Republic as a way to reinforce the Monroe Doctrine and find a haven for African Americans fleeing persecution in the Reconstruction South. Abolitionist Frederick Douglass supported this annexation as a way to uplift the island from poverty.  But the U.S. Senate defeated this measure because many believed that non-white people in the Caribbean were unfit for American citizenship and feared that the United States would absorb “degenerate races.”

It was thanks to Cuban National Hero Jose Marti that the character of Cubans was safeguarded after he challenged in writing a defamatory column that was published in the Manufacturer of Philadelphia and reprinted in the New York Evening Post on March 25, 1889.  The column labeled Cubans as “destitute vagrants or immoral pigmies,” “petty talkers, incapable of action, hostile to hard work,” “an effeminate people,” “people of defective morals … unfitted by nature and experience to discharge the obligations of citizenship in a great and free country,” and “our lack of manly force and of self-respect is demonstrated by the supineness with which we have so long submitted to Spanish oppression, and even our attempts at rebellion have been so pitifully ineffective that they have risen little above the dignity of farce.”

Marti was prophetic in advocating against the annexation of Cuba — as it was unwise to do so with a country that thought so poorly of its patriots (men who had fought for so long a European country with no help from the civilized world). 

Cuban patriots fought three wars to gain their independence from Spain – the ten years’ war lasting from 1868 – 1878, the little war from 1879-1880, and the war of independence from 1895 – 1898.  During the 1895 war, the Cuban population was approximately 1.8 million. According to the Library of Congress Research Guide, 20% of the Cuban population perished during the wars – including combat death and the effects of Spanish General Weyler’s reconcentration policies. This amounts to 360,000 Cuban casualties!  I don’t think that anyone with an iota of intelligence and moral fortitude would label these patriots “effeminate people!”

After the sinking of the USS Navy Ship Maine in Havana Harbor in February 1898, which the jingoistic media outlets blamed Spain for it, Republican President William Mckinley received a Congressional joint resolution on April 20, 1898, to intervene militarily to secure Cuba’s independence.  U.S. troops landed at Guantanamo Bay on June 10^th, and a cease-fire was reached on August 12, 1898 – followed by the end of the Spanish-American war by the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898. The treaty also ceded Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States — as well as Spain agreeing to sell the Philippines for $20 million.  Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders gained fame and recognition for their participation in multiple battles — like the one in San Juan Hill.

Despite the fact that Cuban patriots had fought valiantly for fourteen years to gain their independence and that they had lost 20% of their population in these efforts, the United States delegates — whose military had participated in the Cuban wars for a mere two months – prevented Cuban representatives from participating in the signing of the Treaty of Paris.  Moreover, U.S. General William Shafter refused to allow Cuban General Calixto Garcia and his rebel forces to participate in the surrender ceremonies in Santiago de Cuba.

You may ask what prevented the United States from invoking the Monroe Doctrine and annexing Cuba prior to the U.S. declaration of war against Spain in 1898? Senator Henry Teller of Colorado succeeded in having his amendment passed by the U.S. Congress in 1898 that stipulated: “The United States hereby disclaims any disposition or intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said island except for the pacification thereof, and asserts its determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government and control of the island to its people.” It turns out that the Senator’s motives were not necessarily altruistic but were triggered by his efforts to protect the beet industry from cheap Cuban cane sugar imports. In fact, Senator Teller went on to support the Platt Amendment.

So, we are ready now to answer the question about the significance of May 20, 1902.

If Spain ceded control of Cuba via the Treaty of Paris, what happened in Cuba between 1898 and 1902?

On January 1, 1899, the United States commenced the formal military occupation of Cuba – in strict violation of the Teller Amendment.  The majority of Cubans agreed with the warning of Jose Marti regarding his quote that “to change masters is not to be free.”

From 1898 to 1902, the United States controlled the government of Cuba. President Mckinley had always wanted to have strong control over Cuban affairs.  After his assassination in 1901, Vice President Theodore Roosevelt took over the presidency and continued Mckinley’s policies towards Cuba. 

With the signing by President McKinley of the Platt Amendment in 1901 – which President Franklin Delano Roosevelt abolished in 1934 — the United States abrogated Cuba’s right to make treaties with other nations and restricted Cuba’s ability to conduct foreign policy and commercial relations.  It allowed the United States to intervene militarily to theoretically preserve Cuban independence, although realistically it was to protect the U.S. investments on the Island. It also allowed the United States to lease the Guantanamo Naval Base.   

May 20^th, 1902 was the date when the Cuban Republic was established and Tomas Estrada Palma became its first president.  While symbolically this date represents the end of the American military occupation, the U.S. military did intervene multiple times in Cuban affairs until the abrogation of the Amendment in 1934. 

Now that we’ve dealt deeply into Cuba BC’s history, it becomes obvious that the U.S. interventions in Cuba affairs from 1898 to 1934 did a lot of harm to the development of Cuba as a free and independent republic. 

Some say that the Cuban Republic lasted from 1902 to 1959 with the rise of the communist regime of Fidel Castro.  I and I’m sure others think that the Cuban Republic lasted only for 24 years – from the ending of the Platt Amendment in 1934 to 1959.  This is not enough time to reach maturity as a free country and differentiate between governments that uphold the inalienable rights of life, liberty, private property, and the pursuit of happiness from those that suppress these rights by making its citizens slaves of totalitarian ideologies.

Had I lived in Cuba BC as an adult, my political affiliation would have sided with the Cuban nationalistic aspirations.  A young republic deserved to have a “government of the people, by the people, and for the people” to quote President Lincoln’s famous quote – without any foreign interference.  Cuban politicians deserved an opportunity to make the right decisions and to learn from its own mistakes.  Denying Cubans this trial-and-error transition prevented the maturity it needed later to maintain its adherence to democratic policies and fend off their sequestration by totalitarian ideologies. 

The history pertaining to May 20, 1902, should not be limited to Cubans.  Peoples from all over the world will learn from it and ensure that it’s not repeated.  What happens to the least of all is important to all – as we are all part of the human history.

Presidential messages may muddle the significance of this date.  For example, the 2025 message states: “This Cuban Independence Day, we honor the courageous patriots who broke free from Spanish colonial rule …”

Does this history lesson mean that I am anti-American? Absolutely not. I am an American citizen and love this country.  But to quote the late Spanish philosopher George Santayana, “those who ignore history are doomed to repeat it.” The difference between the United States and communist countries is that the former has corrected its past mistakes while the latter holds on to them to keep themselves in power.

Now, you know the rest and the real story!